On a po said that the European Parliament elections are all proportional representation, and even the United Kingdom is no exception, but what what kind of proportional corrier representation, but it is 28 member states have different systems, a close look at the po Look. (The following involves a lot of proper corrier nouns, such as what STV, please look for yourself online, no detailed explanation below) First, the proportional representation system can be divided into two broad categories: the list or individual? List system, which voters vote for a list, as well as individual as the main "single transferable system" (Single Transferable Vote, STV), that is, when the seats are still allocated to the candidate himself corrier mainly to political parties not to consider corrier the total number of votes, voters corrier should vote for each candidate in mind the priority order. 28 member states, only "a little more than two" countries to implement STV, with a list of all the rest of the system. The two countries are Ireland and Malta, as "a little more" corrier in the UK Northern Ireland, the British are used elsewhere list system. As for the list system, can be divided into open and closed list of lists. Hong Kong is a closed list system of proportional representation, that you voted for the relevant list, the list is how the original order, the order will be allocated to the allocation of seats. Open list is the voter can display a list of preferred corrier representing himself in that / those candidates, the allocation of seats, first calculate how many seats each sheet lists can be assigned, and then look at the list of how many votes each candidate for each discharge order, rather than die with the party set order. 28 member states, the open list system is a majority, there are 15, and the remaining corrier 11 are closed list system, including: Belgium, Czech Republic, corrier France, Germany, corrier Greece, Hungary, Latvia, Poland, Romania, Spain and the United Kingdom (Note: Data Most of the European Parliament from the website, corrier but some explicit enough, I can only be judged in context with). The first three classification methods, is this: a single constituency or more than one national constituency? The vast majority of a single constituency, multi-constituency only six: Belgium (3), France (8), Ireland (3), Italy (5), Poland (13) and the UK (12). The following is the UK's zoning map of England is divided into nine zones, plus Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland:
Most are single-member district, very easy to understand because most countries are very small, probably corrier only a dozen seats seats, or even a single digit, and then sub-district, corrier will become 3,4 constituency corrier seats, proportional representation has been lost meaning - the kind of proportional representation in Hong Kong but still insist not have too many seats in a constituency is not normal. Belgium is one exception, the number of seats is not that much, but is divided into three zones (or called "electoral college" College), the reason is to separate the three language areas, where only one German electoral seats. It is worth noting that a single constituency in the country, including some big countries, Germany and Spain, the former seat up to, up to 96 seats, Spain also has 54 seats, but still just a single constituency. corrier This brings the next question: Is there a "elected threshold"? That is a list of a number of votes to be eligible for allocation of seats. European Parliament not all sites are listed, there are states have thresholds include: 3% of Greece, Austria and Sweden, 4%, and 5% of Croatia, France, the Czech Republic, Hungary, corrier Latvia and Slovakia. At this point, once again pay attention to Germany. German parliament has a 5% election threshold for election is very famous in the world, but according to the website of the European Parliament, the German court has ruled that the European Parliament corrier elections can not threshold, and therefore there is no threshold for this session from Germany, that the vote of 1/96 (ie slightly more than 1%) can be sure to win a seat. There is a more technical question: how to calculate the distribution of seats? Spirit of proportional representation is to get 25 percent of votes, they should get 25% of the seats, but the actual calculation of the number of seats, not really, "X number of seats in the vote," so simple, but there are different calculation methods. The most common method is especially Dayton (D'Hondt, including Austria, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, corrier Finland, Hungary, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Slovenia, Spain and the UK). One last question: How much can have a list of candidates? In Hong Kong, the list of candidates is the total number of seats in the upper limit of the area, but in fact, in some countries, is to allow the number of candidates is more than a list of the number of seats that France is two times the number of seats, Romania is more than 10, on the grounds that The list does not have proportional representation election - Total Members impossible for a resignation or death to the national vote once again, right? (Again, the Hong Kong system of proportional representation, but to engage in election is not normal) Moreover, in some countries, notably France, their political ethics is accepted him as a member of other public middle and leave, will not be considered corrier for voters infidelity. Finally, finally, to write about the method of voting in Luxembourg. Consider the following first ballot (from Wikipedia):
We will see that each list itself has a space next to each list of candidates is also a space. In Luxembourg, the voters can choose to: (1) vote for the entire list (ie, the top of the box); (2) only to vote for certain candidates in the same list; or (3) a list of candidates of different different cast, Up to 6 people. The allocation of seats, then calculate the total number of votes for each list, vote for the entire list as a whole was six votes on that list, if the list of candidates corrier is less than six, the total number of votes as its only candidate, the decision of each List the number of seats be after, he gave the seats allocated to the most successful candidates.
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